Introduction Not so long ago, systems relying on machine learning (ML) were tailored to specific tasks, requiring experts in the field to set them up, tune […]

Imagine a world in which a single tweet could trigger a financial crisis or a deepfake video could cause an international incident. Sounds like science fiction? Think again. These scenarios are becoming increasingly plausible as artificial intelligence (AI) technologies advance. Thanks to advanced AI, it is now disturbingly easy to create convincing fake videos or audio recordings of public figures (Example1  or Example2). While this technology has benign applications in entertainment and education, its potential for misuse in disinformation campaigns is alarming.

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) such as Generative Pre-Training (GPT) [1], Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) [2], Large Language Model Meta AI (LLAMA) [3], Pathways Language Model (PaLM) [4], Enhanced Representation through Knowledge Integration (ERNIE) [5], and Gemini [6] have become increasingly popular.

Biometrics is an interdisciplinary field of science that deals with the measurement and analysis of unique physical and behavioural characteristics of humans for the purpose of identification or verification of identity.

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines, enabling them to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.