In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) such as Generative Pre-Training (GPT) [1], Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) [2], Large Language Model Meta AI (LLAMA) [3], Pathways Language Model (PaLM) [4], Enhanced Representation through Knowledge Integration (ERNIE) [5], and Gemini [6] have become increasingly popular.

Biometrics is an interdisciplinary field of science that deals with the measurement and analysis of unique physical and behavioural characteristics of humans for the purpose of identification or verification of identity.

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines, enabling them to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.